Fluoroscopy and Quantification of Swallowing

Casas, M.J., McPherson, K.A. & Kenny, D.J. "Durational aspects of oral swallow in neurologically normal children and children with cerebral palsy: An ultrasound investigation." Dysphagia, Vol. 10, 1995, pp. 155-159.

Casas, M.J., K.A. McPherson & D.J. Kenny. “Durational aspects of oral swallow in neurologically normal children and children with cerebral palsy: An ultrasound investigation.” Dysphagia, Vol. 10, pp. 155-59, 1995.

Cook, I.J., W.J. Dodds, R.O. Dantas, M.K. Kern, B.T. Massey, R. Shaker & W.J. Hogan. “Timing of videofluoroscopic, manometric events and bolus transit during the oral and pharyngeal phases of swallowing.” Dysphagia, Vol. 4, pp. 8-15, 1989.

Cook, I.J., W.J. Dodds, R.O. Dantas, B. Massey, M.K. Kern, I.M. Lang, J.G. Brasseur & W.J. Hogan. “Opening mechanism of the upper esophageal sphincter.” Amer. J. Physiology, Vol. 257 (Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 20): pp. G748-G759, 1989.

Crary, M.A., M.K. Butler & B.O. Baldwin. “Objective distance measurements from videofluorographic swallow studies using computer interactive analysis: Technical note.” Dysphagia, Vol. 9, pp. 116-19, 1994.

Curtis, D., D. Cruess, A. Dachman & E. Maso. “Timing in the normal pharyngeal swallow.” Investigative Radiology, Vol. 19, pp. 523-29, 1984.

Dantas, R., M. Kern, B. Massey, W.J. Dodds, P. Kahrilas, J. Brasseur, I. Cook & I. Lang. “Effect of swallowed bolus variables on oral and pharyngeal phases of swallowing.” American Journal of Physiology, Vol. 258 (Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 21), pp. G675- 81, 1990.

Dengel, G., J. Robbins & J. Rosenbek. “Image processing in swallowing and speech research.” Dysphagia, Vol. 6, pp. 30-9, 1991.

Dodds, W.J. “The physiology of swallowing.” Dysphagia, Vol. 3, pp. 171-78, 1989.

Dodds, W.J., W.J. Hogan, S.B. Lydon, E.T. Stewart, J.J. Stef & R.C. Arndorfer. “Quantification of pharyngeal motor function in normal human subjects.” Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol. 39, pp. 692-96, 1975.

Dodds, W.J., K.M. Mann, I.J. Cook, P.J. Kahrilas, E.T. Stewart & M.K. Kern. “Quantification of swallow-induced hyoid movement.” AJR, Vol. 150, pp. 1307-9, 1988.

Donzelli, J., S. Brady, M. Wesling & Mary Craney. “Simultaneous modified Evans blue dye procedure and video nasal endoscopic evaluation of the swallow.” Laryngoscope, Vol. 111, pp. 1746-1750, October 2001.

Donner, M., M. Silbiger & R. Cooley. “Cinefluorographic analysis of pharyngeal swallowing in neuromuscular disorders.” American Journal of Medical Science, Vol. 251, pp. 600-16, 1966.

Ekberg, O. “Closure of the laryngeal vestibule during deglutition.” Acta Otolaryngology, Vol. 93, pp. 123-29, 1982.

Ekberg O. “Defective closure of the laryngeal vestibule during deglutition.” Acta Otolaryngology, Vol. 93, pp. 309-17, 1982.    

Ekberg, O. “Epiglottic dysfunction during deglutition in patients with dysphagia.” Archives of Otolaryngology, Vol. 109, pp. 376-80, 1983b.

Ekberg, O. “Radiologic evaluation of swallowing.” Dysphagia: Diagnosis and Management, ed. M.E. Groher, Stoneham, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann, pp. 163-95, 1992.

Ekberg, O. “The normal movement of the hyoid bone during swallow.” Investigative Radiology, Vol. 21, pp. 408-10, 1986.

Ekberg, O. & M.D. Borgstrom. “A graphic representation of pharyngeal wall motion during swallow: Technical note.” Dysphagia, Vol. 4, pp. 43-47, 1989.

Ekberg, O. & G. Nylander. “Cineradiography of the pharyngeal stage of deglutition in 150 individuals without dysphagia.” British Journal of Radiology, Vol. 55, pp. 253-57, 1982.

Ekberg, O. & G. Nylander. “Cineradiography of the pharyngeal stage of deglutition in 250 patients with dysphagia.” British Journal of Radiology, Vol. 55 (652), pp. 258-62, 1982.

Ekberg, O. & S.V. Sigurjonsson. “Movement of the epiglottis during deglutition: A cineradiographic study.” Gastrointestinal Radiology, Vol. 7 (2), pp. 101-7, 1982.

Ekberg, O. & L. Wahlgren. “Dysfunction of pharyngeal swallowing: A cineradiographic investigation in 854 dysphagic patients.” Acta Radiology Diagnostic, Vol. 26,
pp. 389-95, 1985a.

Gay, T., J.K. Rendell & J. Spiro. “Oral and laryngeal muscle coordination during swallowing.” Laryngoscope, Vol. 104, pp. 341-9, March 1994.

Groher, M.E. Dysphagia: Diagnosis and Management (Second Edition). Stoneham, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann, 1992.

Hamlet, S.L., J. Muz, R. Patterson & L. Jones. “Pharyngeal transit time: Assessment with videofluoroscopic and scintigraphic techniques.” Dysphagia, Vol. 4, pp. 4-7, 1989.

Jacob, P., P. Kahrilas, J. Logemann, V. Shah & T. Ha. “Upper esophageal sphincter opening and modulation during swallowing.” Gastroenterology, Vol. 97, pp. 1469-78, 1989.

Johnson, E.R. & S.W. McKenzie. “Kinematic pharyngeal transit time in myopathy: Evaluation for dysphagia.” Dysphagia, Vol. 8, pp. 35-40, 1993.

Kahrilas, P.J., W.J. Dodds, J. Dent, J.A. Logemann & R. Shaker. “Upper esophageal sphincter function during deglutition.” Gastroenterology, Vol. 95, pp. 52-62, 1988.

Kahrilas, P.J., S. Lin, A.E. Spiess, J.G. Brasseur, R.J. Joehl & M. Manka. “The impact of fundoplication on bolus transit across the gastroesophageal junction.” Amer. J. Physiol. Vol. 275: pp. G1386-G1393, 1998.

Langmore, S. “Information about the FEES^SM procedure.” Kay Elemetrics Corp. Application Note, Lincoln Park, NJ, 1997.

Leder, S.B. “Videofluoroscopic evaluation of aspiration with visual examination of the gag reflex and velar movement.” Dysphagia, Vol. 12, pp. 21-23, 1997.

Lin, S., J.G. Brasseur, P. Pouderoux & P.J. Kahrilas. “The phrenic ampulla: Distal esophagus or potential hiatal hernia?” Amer. J. Physiol., Vol. 268 (Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 31): pp. G320-G327, 1995.

Logemann, J.A. “Criteria for studies of treatment for oral-pharyngeal dysphagia.” Dysphagia, Vol. 1, pp. 193-99, 1987.

Logemann, J.A. Evaluation and Treatment of Swallowing Disorders. San Diego, CA: College-Hill Press, 1983.

Logemann, J.A. Manual for the Videofluorographic Study of Swallowing. San Diego, CA: College-Hill Press, 1986.

Logemann, J.A., P.J. Kahrilas, J. Begelman, W.J. Dodds & B.R. Pauloski. “Interactive computer program for biochemical analysis of videoradiographic studies of swallowing.” AJR, Vol. 153, pp. 277-80, August 1989.

Logemann, J.A., P.J. Kahrilas, J. Cheng, B.R. Pauloski, P.J. Gibbons, A.W. Rademaker & S. Lin. “Closure mechanisms of laryngeal vestibule during swallow.” American Journal of Physiology, Vol. 262 (Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 25), pp. G338-44, 1992.

Logemann, J.A., P.J. Kahrilas, M. Kobara & N.B. Vakil. “The benefit of head rotation on pharyngoesophageal dysphagia.” Archives of Phys. Med. Rehabilitation, Vol. 70, pp. 767-71, 1989.

Martin-Harris, B. “Swallowing evaluation treatment: Efficiency, accuracy and objectivity.” Kay Elemetrics Corp. Application Note, Lincoln Park, NJ, 1997.

Mills, R.H. “Machine vision technology: Quantification of videofluoroscopic swallowing data.” Journal of Computer Users in Speech and Hearing, Vol. 7 (1), pp. 132-42, May 1991.

Mosher, H.P. “X-ray study of movements of the tongue, epiglottis, and hyoid bone in swallowing, followed by a discussion of difficulty in swallowing caused by retropharyngeal diverticulum, postcricoid webs and exostoses of cervical vertebrae.” Laryngoscope, Vol. 37, pp. 235-62, 1927.

Palmer, J.B., E. Tanaka & A.A. Siebens. “Motions of the posterior pharyngeal wall in swallowing.” Laryngoscope, Vol. 98, pp. 414-17, 1988.

Perlman, A.L., J.P. Grayhack & B.M. Booth. “The relationship of vallecular residue to oral involvement, reduced hyoid elevation, and epiglottic function.” Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, Vol. 35, pp. 734-41, 1992.

Potratz, J.E., G. Dengel, J. Robbins & R. Brooks. “Movement analysis of oropharyngeal dysphagia: A computer-assisted approach.” Journal of Medical Speech-Language Pathology, Vol. 1 (1), pp. 61-69, 1993.

Rademaker, A.W., B.R. Pauloski, J.A. Logemann & T.K. Shanahan. “Oropharyngeal swallow efficiency as a representative measure of swallowing function.” Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, Vol. 37, pp. 314-25, April 1994.

Robbins, J.A., J.W. Hamilton, G.L. Lof & G.B. Kempster. “Oropharyngeal swallowing in normal adults of different ages.” Gastroenterology, Vol. 103, pp. 823-29, 1992.

Rushmer, R.F. & J.A. Hendron. “The act of deglutition: A cinefluorographic study.” Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol. 3, pp. 622-30, 1951.

Salassa, J.R. “Pharyngeal manofluorography (video-manometry): A simple quantification of the modified barium swallow.” Kay Elemetrics Corp. Application Note, Lincoln Park, NJ, 1997.

Shaker, R., W. Dodds, R. Dantas, W. Hogan & R. Arndorfer. “Coordination of deglutitive glottic closure with oropharyngeal swallowing.” Gastroenterology, Vol. 98, pp. 1478-84, 1990.

Sloan, R., R. Ricketts, S. Brummett, R. Bench & J.L. Westover. “Quantified cinefluorographic techniques used in oral roentgenology.” Oral Surgery, Vol. 20, pp. 456-62, 1965.

Sonies, B.C., L.J. Parent, K. Morrish & B.J. Baum. “Durational aspects of the oral-pharyngeal phase of swallow in normal adults.” Dysphagia, Vol. 3, pp. 1-10, 1988.

Sorin, R., S. Somers, W. Austin & S. Bester. “The influence of videofluoroscopy on the management of the dysphagic patient.” Dysphagia, Vol. 2, pp. 127-35, 1988.

Stone, M. & T. Shawker. “An ultrasound examination of tongue movement during swallowing.” Dysphagia, Vol. 1, pp. 78-83, 1986.

Yotsuya, H., K. Nonaka & I. Yoshinobu. “Studies on positional relationships of the movements of the pharyngeal organs during deglutition in relation to the cervical vertebrae by X-ray TV cinematography.” Bulletin of the Tokyo Dental College, Vol. 22, pp. 159-70, 1981.

Yotsuya, H., Y. Saito & I. Yoshinobu. “Studies on temporal correlations of the movements of the pharyngeal organs during deglutition by X-ray TV cinematography.” Bulletin of the Tokyo Dental College, Vol. 22, pp. 171-81, 1981.

Manometry and Swallowing (Manofluorography)

Asoh, R. & R.K. Goyal. “Manometry and electromyography of the upper esophageal sphincter in the opossum.” Gastroenterology, Vol. 74, pp. 514-21, 1978.

Berlin, B.P., F. Tedesco, J.T. Fierstein, et al. “Manometric studies of the upper esophageal sphincter.” Annals of Otolaryngology, Vol. 86, pp. 598-602, 1977.

Brasseur, J.G. & W.J. Dodds. “Interpretation of intraluminal manometric measurements in terms of swallowing mechanics.” Dysphagia, Vol. 6, pp. 100-119, 1991.

Castell, J.A. & D.O. Castell. “Modern solid state computerized manometry of the pharyngoesophageal segment.” Dysphagia, Vol. 8, pp. 270-75, 1993.

Castell, J.A., D.O. Castell, A. Duranceau & P. Topart. “Manometric characteristics of the pharynx, upper esophageal sphincter, esophagus, and lower esophageal sphincter in patients with oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy.” Dysphagia, Vol. 10, pp. 22-26, 1995.

Castell, J.A., C.B. Dalton & D.O. Castell. “Pharyngeal and upper esophageal sphincter manometry in humans.” American Journal of Physiology, Vol. 258, pp. G173-78, 1990.

Cerenko, D., F. McConnel & R. Jackson. “Quantitative assessment of pharyngeal bolus driving forces.” Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Vol. 100, pp. 57-63, 1989.

Cook, I.J., W.J. Dodds, R.O. Dantas, M.K. Kern, B.T. Massey, R. Shaker & W.J. Hogan. “Timing of videofluoroscopic, manometric events and bolus transit during the oral and pharyngeal phases of swallowing.” Dysphagia, Vol. 4, pp. 8-15, 1989.

Cook, I.J., W.J. Dodds, R.O. Dantas, B.T. Massey, M.K. Kern, I.M. Lang, J.G. Brasseur & W.J. Hogan. “Opening mechanism of the human upper esophageal sphincter.” American Journal of Physiology, Vol. 20, pp. G748-59, 1989.

Curtis, D.J., D.F. Cruess, A.H. Dachman, et al. “Timing in the normal pharyngeal swallow: Prospective selection and evaluation of 16 normal asymptomatic patients.” Investigative Radiology, Vol. 19, pp. 523-28, 1984.

Dejaeger, E., W. Pelemans, G. Bibau & E. Ponette. “Manofluorographic analysis of swallowing in the elderly.” Dysphagia, Vol. 9, pp. 156-61, 1994.

Dodds, W.J. “The physiology of swallowing.” Dysphagia, Vol. 3, pp. 171-78, 1989.

Dodds, W.J., W.J. Hogan, S.B. Lydon, et al. “Quantitation of pharyngeal motor function in normal human subjects.” Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol. 39, p. 696, 1975.

Dodds, W.J., P.J. Kahrilas, J. Dent & W.J. Hogan. “Considerations about pharyngeal manometry.” Dysphagia, Vol. 1, pp. 209-14, 1987.

Ekberg, O. & Feinberg, M. “Altered swallowing function in elderly patients without dysphagia: Radiologic findings in 56 cases.” AJR, Vol. 156, pp. 1181-84, 1991.

Feussner, J., W. Kauer & J.R. Siewert. “The place of esophageal manometry in the diagnosis of dysphagia.” Dysphagia, Vol. 8, pp. 98-104, 1993.

Fox, M., G. Hebbard, P. Janiak, J.G. Brasseur, S. Ghosh, M. Thumshirn, M. Fried & W. Schwizer. “High resolution manometry predicts the success of oesophageal bolus transport and identifies clinically important abnormalities not detected by conventional manometry.” In press, Neurogastroenterol, Motil, 2004.

Gerhardt, D., J. Hewett, M. Moeschberger, et al. “Human upper esophageal sphincter pressure profile.” American Journal of Physiology, Vol. 289, pp. G49-52, 1980.

Gerhardt, D.C., T.J. Schuck, R.A. Bordeaux, et al. “Human upper esophageal sphincter.” Gastroenterology, Vol. 75, pp. 268-74, 1978.

Hendrix, T.R. “Coordination of peristalsis in pharynx and esophagus.” Dysphagia, Vol. 8, pp. 74-78, 1993.

Isberg, A., M.E. Nilsson & H. Schiratzki. “Movement of the upper esophageal sphincter and a manometric device during deglutition.” Acta Radiol. Diag., Vol. 26, pp. 381-88, 1985.

Isberg, A., M.E. Nilsson & H. Schiratzki. “The upper esophageal sphincter during normal deglutition.” Acta Radiol. Diag., Vol. 26, pp. 563-68, 1985.

Jacob, P., P. Kahrilas, J. Logemann, V. Shah & T. Ha. “Upper esophageal sphincter opening and modulation during swallowing.” Gastroenterology, Vol. 97, pp. 1469-78, 1989.

Kahrilas, P.J., J. Dent, W.J. Dodds, W.J. Hogan & R.C. Arndorfer. “A method for continuous monitoring of upper esophageal sphincter pressure.” Digestive Diseases and Sciences, Vol. 32 (2), pp. 121-28, February 1987.

Kahrilas, P., W.J. Dodds, J. Dent, J. Logemann & R. Shaker. “Upper esophageal sphincter function during deglutition.” Gastroenterology, Vol. 95, pp. 52-62, 1988.

Kahrilas, P., J. Logemann, S. Lin & G. Ergun. “Pharyngeal clearance during swallowing: A combined manometric and videofluoroscopic study.” Gastroenterology, Vol. 103, pp. 128-36, 1992.

Massey, B.T., W.J. Dodds, W.J. Hogan, J.G. Brasseur, J.F. Helm. “Abnormal esophageal motility: An analysis of concurrent radiographic and manometric findings.” Gastroenterology, Vol. 101, pp. 344-354, 1991.

McConnel, F.M.S. “Analysis of pressure generation and bolus transit during pharyngeal swallowing.” Laryngoscope, Vol. 98, pp. 71-78, 1988.

McConnel, F.M.S., D. Cerenko, T. Hersh, M. Mendelsohn & R. Jackson. “Manofluorography - a new method for pharyngeal swallowing evaluation.” Emory University Journal of Medicine, Vol. 2, pp. 199-204, 1988.

McConnel, F.M.S., D. Cerenko, T. Hersh & L.J. Weil. “Evaluation of pharyngeal dysphagia with manofluorography.” Dysphagia, Vol. 2, pp. 187-95, 1988.

McConnel, F.M.S., D. Cerenko, R.T. Jackson, et al. “Clinical application of the manofluorogram.” Laryngoscope, Vol. 98, pp. 705-11, 1988.

McConnel, F.M.S., D. Cerenko, R.T. Jackson & T.N. Guffin, Jr. “Timing of major events of pharyngeal swallowing.” Archives of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Vol. 114, pp. 1413-18, Dec. 1988.

McConnel, F.M.S., T.N. Guffin Jr. & D. Cerenko. “The effect of asymmetric pharyngoesophageal pressures on manofluorographic measurements.” Laryngoscope, Vol. 101, pp. 510-14, May 1991.

McConnel, F.M.S., T.N. Guffin Jr., D. Cerenko & A. Shyh-Feng. “The effects of bolus flow on vertical pharyngeal pressure measurement in the pharyngoesophageal segment: Clinical significance.” Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Vol. 106, pp. 169-74, 1992.

McConnel, F.M.S., M.S. Mendelsohn & J.A. Logemann. “Examination of swallowing after total laryngectomy using manofluorography.” Head and Neck Surgery, Vol. 8, pp. 3-12, 1986.

McConnel, F.M.S., M.S. Mendelsohn & J.A. Logemann. “Manofluorography of deglutition after supraglottic laryngectomy.” Head and Neck Surgery, Vol. 9, pp. 142-50, 1986.

Mendelsohn, M.S. & F.M.S. McConnel. “Function in the pharyngoesophageal segment.” Laryngoscope, Vol. 97, pp. 483-89, 1987.

Nilsson, M., A. Isberg & H. Shiratzki. “The location of the upper oesophageal sphincter and its behaviour during bolus propagation - a simultaneous cineradiographic and manometric investigation.” Clinical Otolaryngology, Vol. 14, pp. 62-65, 1989.

Olsson, R., H. Nilsson & O. Ekberg. “Simultaneous videoradiography and pharyngeal solid state manometry (videomanometry in 25 nondysphagic volunteers.” Dysphagia, Vol. 10, pp. 36-41, 1995.

Olsson, R., O. Kjellin & O. Ekberg. “Videomanometric aspects of pharyngeal constrictor activity.” Dysphagia, Vol. 11, pp. 83-86, 1996.

Pal, A., R.B. Williams, I.J. Cook & J.G. Brasseur. “Intrabolus pressure gradient identifies pathological constriction in the upper esophageal sphincter during flow.” Am. J. Physiol, Vol. 285, pp. G1037-G1048, 2003.

Ravich, W.J. “The unrealized potential of pharyngeal manometry.” Dysphagia, Vol. 10, pp. 42-43, 1995.

Ren, J., B.T. Massey, W.J. Dodds, M.K. Kern, J.G. Brasseur, R. Shaker, S.S. Harrington, W.J. Hogan & R.C. Arndorfer. “Determinants of intrabolus pressure during esophageal peristaltic bolus transport.” Amer. J. Physiol., Vol. 264, (Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 27): pp. G407-G413. 1993.

Salassa, J.R. “Pharyngeal manofluorography (video-manometry): A simple quantification of the modified barium swallow.” Kay Elemetrics Corp. Application Note, Lincoln Park, NJ, 1997.

Shaker, R., W.J. Dodds, R.O. Dantas, W.J. Hogan & R.C. Arndorfer. “Coordination of deglutitive glottic closure with oropharyngeal swallowing.” Gastroenterology, Vol. 98 (6), pp. 1478-84, 1990.

Siewert, J.R., H. Feussner & R. Bumm. “Does manometry allow detection of achalasia of neoplastic origin?” Primary Motility Disorders of the Esophagus, eds. R. Giuli, R.W. McCallum, D.B. Skinner: John Libbey Eurotext, 1991.

Sokol, E.M., P. Heitmann, B.S. Wolf & B.R. Cohen. “Simultaneous cineradiographic and manometric study of the pharynx, hypopharynx and cervical esophagus.” Gastroenterology, Vol. 51, pp. 960-74, 1966.

Steff, J.J., W.J. Dodds, W.J. Hogan, J.H. Hinehan & E.T. Stewart. “Intraluminal esophageal manometry: An analysis of variables affecting recording fidelity of peristaltic pressures.” Gastroenterology, Vol. 67, pp. 221-30, 1974.

VanTrappen, G., R. Clouse, E. Corazziari, I. Janssens & M. Wienbeck. “Standardization of oesphageal manometry: An outline of required measurements and technical standards.” Gastroenterology International, Vol. 2, pp. 150-54, 1989.

Weihrauch, T.R., H. Brummer, A. Biewener, et al. “Assessment of various factors influencing esophageal pressure movement I. Significance of methodical factors in intraluminal manometry.” Klin. Wochenschr., Vol. 58, pp. 279-85, 1980.

Welch, R.W., K. Luckmann, P.M. Ricks, et al. “Manometry of the normal upper esophageal sphincter and its alterations in laryngectomy.” Journal of Clinical Invest., Vol. 63, pp. 1036-41, 1979.

Wienbeck, M., W. Berges & T. Frieling. “Therapeutic advances in esophageal motility disorders.” Balliere’s Clinical Gastroenterology, Vol. 1, p. 8579, 1987.

Williams, R.B., A. Pal, J.G. Brasseur & I.J. Cook. “Space-time pressure structure of the pharyngo-esophageal segment during swallowing.” Am. J. Physiol. (Gastrointest. Liver Physiol.), Vol. 281, pp. G1290-G1300, 2001.

Winans, C.S. “The pharyngoesophageal closure mechanism: A manometric study.” Gastroenterology, Vol. 63, pp. 768-77, 1972.

American Speech-Language-Hearing Association, Ad Hoc Committee on Advances in Clinical Practice. “Instrumental diagnostic procedures for swallowing.” ASHA, Vol. 34 (Suppl. 7),
pp. 25-33, March 1992.

American Speech-Language-Hearing Association, Ad Hoc Committee on Advances in Clinical Practice. “Sedation and topical anesthetics in audiology and speech-language pathology.” ASHA, Vol. 34 (Suppl. 7), pp. 41-46, March 1992.

American Speech-Language-Hearing Association. Special Interest Division 13, Swallowing and Swallowing Disorders Steering Committee and Task Force on FEES in conjunction with The American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery (AAO-HNS) Committee on Speech, Voice and Swallowing. Position Statement: Roles of the speech-language pathologist and otolaryngologist in the performance and interpretation of endoscopic examinations of swallowing, ASHA, 1999.

Aviv, J.E. “Prospective, randomized outcome study of endoscopy versus modified barium swallow in patients with dysphagia.” Laryngoscope, Vol. 110 (4), pp. 563-74, April 2000.

Aviv, J.E. “Sensory discrimination in the larynx and hypopharynx.” Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Vol. 116 (3), pp. 331-34, 1997.

Aviv, J.E. & Lawrence F. Johnson “Flexible endoscopic evaluation of swallowing with sensory testing (FEESST) to diagnose and manage patients with pharyngeal dysphagia.” Practical Gastroenterology, pp. 52-59, April 2000.

Aviv, J.E., T. Kim, R.L. Sacco, S. Kaplan, K. Goodhart, B. Diamond & L.G. Close. “FEESST: A new bedside endoscopic test of the motor sensory components of swallowing.” Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology, Vol. 107 (5), pp. 378-87, 1998.

Aviv, J.E., T. Kim, J.E. Thomson, S. Sunshine, S. Kaplan & L.G. Close. “Fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing with sensory testing (FEESST) in healthy controls.” Dysphagia, Vol. 13, pp. 87-92, 1998.

Aviv, J.E., Hau Liu, Michael Parides, Sarah T. Kaplan & L.G. Close. “Laryngopharyngeal sensory deficits in patients with laryngopharyngeal reflux and dysphagia.” Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology, Vol. 109 (11), pp. 1000-06, 2000.

Aviv, J.E., J.G. Martin, R.L. Sacco, D. Zagar, B. Diamond, M.S. Keen & A. Blitzer. “Supraglottic and pharyngeal sensory abnormalities in stroke patients with dysphagia.” Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology, Vol. 105 (2), pp. 92-97, 1996.

Aviv, J.E., J.H. Martin, M.E. Jones, T.A. Wee, B. Diamond, J.S. Keen & A. Blitzer. “Age related changes in pharyngeal and supraglottic sensation.” Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology, Vol. 103 (10), pp. 749-52, 1994.

Aviv, J.E., J.H. Martin, M.S. Keen, M. Debell & A. Blitzer. “Air pulse quantification of supraglottic and pharyngeal sensation: A new technique.” Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology, Vol. 102 (10), pp. 777-80, 1993.

Aviv, J.E., John H. Martin, Ted Kim, Ralph L. Sacco, Jeanne E. Thompson, Beverly Diamond & Lanny G. Close. “Laryngopharyngeal sensory discrimination testing and the laryngeal adductor reflex.” Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology, Vol. 108 (8), pp. 725-730, August 1999.

Aviv, J.E., Jay P. Mohr, Andrew Blitzer, Jeanne E. Thomson & Lanny G. Close. “Restoration of laryngopharyngeal sensation by neural anastomosis.” Archives of Otolaryngology—Head & Neck Surgery, Vol. 123, pp. 154-160, February 1997.

Aviv, J.E. & Thomas Murry. “FEEST – Flexible Endoscopic Evaluation of Swallowing with Sensory Testing.” San Diego, CA: Plural Publishing, Inc., 2005.

Aviv, J.E., R.L. Sacco, J.P. Johr, J.L.P. Thompson, B. Levin, S. Sunshine, J. Thomson & L.G. Close. “Laryngopharyngeal sensory testing with modified barium swallow as predictors of aspiration pneumonia after stroke.” Laryngoscope, Vol. 107, pp. 1254-60, 1997.

Aviv, J.E., R.L. Sacco, J. Thomson, R. Tandon, B. Diamond, J.H. Martin & L. Close. “Silent laryngopharyngeal sensory deficits after stroke.” Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology, Vol. 106 (2), pp. 87-93, 1997.

Bastian, R.W. “The videoendoscopic swallowing study: An alternative and partner to the videofluoroscopic swallowing study.” Dysphagia, Vol. 8, pp. 359-67, 1993.

Bastian, R.W. “Videoendoscopic evaluation of dysphagia in an office setting.” Clinical Geriatric Otorhinolaryngology. Philadelphia: B.C. Decker, pp. 13-20, 1992.

Bastian, R.W. “Videoendoscopic evaluation of patients with dysphagia: An adjunct to the modified barium swallow.” Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Vol. 104 (3), pp. 339-50, 1991.

Bastian, R.W. & M.J. Nagorsky. “Laryngeal image biofeedback.” Laryngoscope, Vol. 97, pp. 1346-49, 1987.

Bastian, R.W. & L.C. Riggs. “Role of sensation in swallowing function.” Laryngoscope, Vol. 109, pp. 1974-77, 1999.

Berkowitz, R.G. “Neonatal upper airway assessment by awake flexible laryngoscopy.” Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology, Vol. 107, pp. 75-80, 1998.

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Electromyography (EMG) and Swallowing

“Broadening surface EMG horizons: The surface EMG society of North America.” Physical Therapy Products, Vol. 5 (4), p. 66, July 1994.

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Huckabee, M.L. “Oral pharyngeal dysphagia: Application of EMG biofeedback in the treatment of oral pharyngeal dysphagia.” Electromyography: Applications in Physical Therapy. West Chazy, NY: Thought Technology, 1992.

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Kendall, K.A. “Oropharyngeal swallowing variability.” Laryngoscope, Vol. 112, pp. 547-51, 2002.

Kendall, K.A., R.J. Leonard & S.W. McKenzie. “Sequence variability during hypopharyngeal bolus transit.” Dysphagia, Vol. 18, pp. 85–91, 2003.

Leonard, R. J., K.A. Kendall, S.W. McKenzie & M.I. Gonçalves. “Structural displacements in normal swallowing: A videofluoroscopic study.” Dysphagia, Vol. 15, pp. 146 – 152, 2000.

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Logemann, J.A. “Management of the patient with disordered oral feeding.” Evaluation and Treatment of Swallowing Disorders. San Diego, CA: College-Hill Press, 1983.

Logemann, J.A. “Treatment for aspiration related to dysphagia: An overview.” Dysphagia, Vol. 1, pp. 34-8, 1986.

Logemann, J.A., P.J. Kahrilas, M. Kobara & N.B. Vakil. “The benefit of head rotation on pharyngoesophageal dysphagia.” Archives of Phys. Med. Rehabilitation, Vol. 70, pp. 767-71, 1989.

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McCulloch, T.M., A.L. Perlman, P.M. Palmer & D.J. VanDaele. “Laryngeal activity during swallow, phonation, and the Valsalva maneuver: An electromyographic analysis.” Laryngoscope, Vol. 106, pp. 1351-58, 1996.

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Perlman, A.L., P.M. Palmer, T.M. McCulloch & D.J. VanDaele, “Electromyographic activity from human laryngeal, pharyngeal, and submental muscles during swallowing.” Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol. 86, 1663-69, 1999.

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Perlman, A.L. “Electromyography and the study of oropharyngeal swallowing.” Dysphagia, Vol. 8, pp. 351-55, 1993.

Perlman, A.L., E.S. Luschei & C.E. DuMond. “Electrical activity from the superior pharyngeal constrictor during reflexive and nonreflexive tasks.” Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, Vol. 32, pp. 749-54, 1989.

Rasley, A., J.A. Logemann, P.J. Kahrilas, A.W. Rademaker, B.R. Pauloski & W.J. Dodds. “Prevention of barium aspiration during videofluoroscopic swallowing studies: Value of change in posture.” American Journal of Radiology, Vol. 160, pp. 1005-9, 1993.

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Shaker, R., C. Easterling, M. Kern, T. Nitschke, B. Massey, S. Daniels, B. Grande, M. Kazandjian, & K. Dikeman. “Rehabilitation of swallowing by exercise in tube-fed patients with pharyngeal dysphagia secondary to abnormal to UES opening.” Gastroengerology, Vol. 122, pp. 1314-21, 2002.

Shaker, R., M. Kern, E. Bardan, A. Taylor, E.T. Stewart, R.G. Hoffman, R.C. Arndorfer, C. Hofman & J. Bonnevier. “Augmentation of deglutitive upper esophageal sphincter opening in the elderly by exercise.” American Journal of Physiology, Vol. 272, G1518-G1522, 1997.

Shaker, R., W.J. Dodds, R.O. Dantas, W.J. Hogan & R.C. Arndorfer. “Coordination of deglutitive glottic closure with oropharyngeal swallowing.” Gastroenterology, Vol. 98 (6), pp. 1478-84, 1990.

Shanahan, T.K., J.A. Logemann, A.W. Rademaker, B.R. Pauloski & P.J. Kahrilas. “Chin-down posture effect on aspiration in dysphagic patients.” Archives of Phys. Med. Rehabilitation, Vol. 74, pp. 736-39, 1993.

Spiro, J., J.K. Rendell & T. Gay. “Activation and coordination patterns of the suprahyoid muscles during swallowing.” Laryngoscope, Vol. 104, pp. 1376-82, 1994.

Tanaka, E., J. Palmer & A. Siebens. “Bipolar suction electrodes for pharyngeal electromyography.” Dysphagia, Vol. 1, pp. 39-40, 1986.

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Vaiman, M., E. Eviatar & S. Segal, “Evaluation of normal deglutition with the help of rectified surface electromyography records.” Dysphagia, Vol. 19, pp. 125-32, 2004.

Vaiman, M., S. Segal & E. Eviatar. “Surface electromyographic studies of swallowing in normal children, age 4-12 years.” International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology, Vol. 68, pp. 65-73, 2004.

Vaiman, Michael, Chaim Gabriel, Ephraim Eviatar & Samuel Segal. “Surface eletromyography of continuous drinking in healthy adults.” Laryngoscope, Vol. 115, pp. 68-73, January 2005.

Vaiman, Michael, Ephraim Eviatar & Samuel Segal. “Surface electromyographic studies of swallowing in normal subjects: A review of 440 adults. Report 3. Qualitative data.” Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Vol. 131 (6), pp. 977-985, December 2004.

Respiration and Swallowing

Cohn, M., A.S.V. Rao, M. Broudy, S. Birch, H. Watson, N. Atkins, B. Davis, F.D. Scott & M.A. Sackner. “The respiratory inductive plethysmograph: A new non-invasive monitor of respiration.” Bull. Eur. Physiopathol. Respir., Vol. 18, pp. 643-58, 1982.

Clark, G.A. “Deglutition apnoea.” Proceedings of the Physiological Society, 1920.

Hirst, L.J., G.A. Ford, G.J. Gibson & J.A. Wilson. “Swallow-induced alterations in breathing in normal older people.” Dysphagia, Vol. 17 (2), pp. 152-61, 2002.

Hiss, S. K. Treole & A. Stuart. “Effects of age, gender, bolus volume, and trial on swallowing apnea duration and swallow/respiratory phase relationships of normal adults.” Dysphagia, Vol. 16 (2), pp. 128-35, 2001.

Kawasaki, M. & J. Ogura. “Interdependence of deglutition with respiration.” Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology, Vol. 77, pp. 906-13, 1968.

Kawasaki, M., J. Ogura & S. Takenouchi. “Neurophysiologic observations of normal deglutition. Its relationship to the respiratory cycle.” Laryngoscope, Vol. 74, pp. 1747-65, 1965.

Klahn, M. & A. Perlman. “Temporal and durational patterns associating respiration and swallowing.” Dysphagia, Vol. 14 (3), pp. 131-38, 1999.

Martin, B.J.W. “Current issues in anatomic physiologic aspects of dysphagia: A clinical perspective.” Physiologic Correlates of Dysphagia. Presented at Kessler Institute for Rehabilitation, Inc., West Orange, NJ, June 19, 1993.

Martin, B.J.W. The Influence of Deglutition on Respiration. Doctoral dissertation, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, June 1991.

Martin, B.J.W., J.A. Logemann, R. Shaker & W.J. Dodds. “Coordination between respiration and swallowing: Respiratory phase relationships and temporal integration.” Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol. 76 (2), pp. 714-23, 1994.

Meal, Edgar J. “Related patterns of respiration and deglutition in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.” Dysphagia, Vol. 9 (4), p. 264, 1994.

Nishino, T., T. Yonezawa & Y. Honda. “Effects of swallowing on the pattern of continuous respiration in human adults.” American Revue of Respiratory Disease, Vol. 132, pp. 1219-22, 1985.

Odanaka, T. “Studies on the mechanism for the appearance of swallowing respiration.” Japanese Journal of Physiology, Vol. 14, pp. 352-54, 1952.

Odanaka, T. “The mechanism of the swallowing respiration.” Nihon Seirigaku Zassi, Vol. 14, p. 352, 1950.

Odanaka, T. “The swallowing respiration.” Nihon Seirigaku Zassi, Vol. 14, p. 114, 1950.

Paydarfar, D., R.J. Gilbert, C.S. Poppel & P.F. Nassab. “Respiratory phase resetting and airflow changes induced by swallowing in humans.” J. Physiol. (London), Vol. 483 (Pt. 1), pp. 237-88, 1995.

Preiksaitis, H.G., S. Mayrand, K. Robins & N.E. Diamant. “Coordination of respiration and swallowing: Effect of bolus volume in normal adults.” American Journal of Physiology, Vol. 263 (Regulatory Integrative Comp. Physiol. 32), pp. R624-30, 1992.

Selley, W.G., R.E. Ellis, F.C. Flack, C.R. Bayliss & V.R. Pearce. “The synchronization of respiration and swallow sounds with videofluoroscopy during swallowing.” Dysphagia, Vol. 9, pp. 162-67, 1994.

Selley, W.G., R.E. Ellis, F.C. Flack, & W.A. Brooks. “Coordination of sucking, swallowing, and breathing in the newborn: Its relationship to infant feeding and normal development.” British Journal of Disorders of Communication, Vol. 25, pp. 311-27, 1990.

Selley, W.G., F.C. Flack, R.E. Ellis & W.A. Brooks. “Respiratory patterns associated with swallowing: Part 1. The normal adult pattern and changes with age.” Age and Ageing, Vol. 18, pp. 168-72, 1989.

Selley, W.G., F.C. Flack, R.E. Ellis & W.A. Brooks. “Respiratory patterns associated with swallowing: Part 2. Neurologically impaired dysphagic patients.” Age and Ageing, Vol. 18, pp. 173-76, 1989.

Smith, J., N. Wolkove, A. Colacone & H. Kreisman. “Coordination of eating, drinking and breathing in adults.” Chest, Vol. 96, pp. 578-82, 1989.

Sumi, T. “Coordination of neural organization of respiration and deglutition: Its change with postnatal maturation.” Symposium on the Development of Upper Respiratory Anatomy and Function: Implication for SIDS, eds. J.F. Bosma and J. Showacre, Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1975.

Sumi, T. “The activity of brain-stem respiratory neurons and spinal respiratory motoneurons during swallowing.” Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 26, pp. 466-77, 1963.

Tarrant, S.C., R.E. Ellis, F.C. Flack & W.G. Selley. “Comparative review of techniques for recording respiratory events at rest and during deglutition.” Dysphagia, Vol. 12 (1), pp. 24-38, 1997.

Wilson, S., B. Thach, R. Brouillette & Y. Abu-Osba. “Coordination of breathing and swallowing in human infants.” Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol. 50, pp. 851-58, 1981.

Tongue Assessment and Swallowing

Bosma, J.F. “Examination of the mouth and pharynx.” Frontiers of Oral Physiology, ed. Y. Kawamura, Basel: S. Karger, 1976.

Chauncey, H.H., R.S. Feldman & A.H. Wayler. “Oral aspects of aging.” American Family Physician, Vol. 28 (1), pp. 147-52, 1983.

Clark, Heather M., Pamela A. Henson, William D. Barber, Julie A.G. Stierwalt, and Michael Sherrill. “Relationships among subjective and objective measures of tongue strength and oral phase swallowing impairments.” American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, Vol. 12 (1), pp. 40-50, February 2003.

Ekberg, O. & B. Hillarp. “Radiologic evaluation of the oral stage of swallow.” Acta Radiol. Diagnosis, Vol. 27, pp. 533-37, 1986.

Logemann, J.A. Evaluation and Treatment of Swallowing Disorders, San Diego, CA: College-Hill Press, 1983.

Logemann, J.A., H. Fisher & D. Bytell. “Functional effects of reconstruction in partially glossectomized patients.” Paper presented at the Annual Convention of the American Speech and Hearing Association, Chicago, IL, November 1977.

Logemann, J.A., G. Sisson & R. Wheeler. “The team approach to rehabilitation of surgically treated oral cancer patients.” Proceedings of the National Forum on Cancer Rehabilitation, Williamsburg, VA, pp. 222-27, 1980.

Lowe, A. “The neural regulation of tongue movement.” Progress in Neurobiology, Vol. 15, pp. 295-344, 1981.

Massengill, R., S. Maxell & K. Pickrell. “A swallowing characteristic noted in a glossectomy patient.” Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Vol. 45, pp. 89-91, 1970.

McConnell, F. & R. Teichgraeber. “Comparison of three methods of oral reconstruction: Their effects on speech and tongue motion.” Paper presented at the American Academy of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Palm Beach, FL, May 1982.

McHenry, M.A., J.T. Minton III & R.L. Wilson. “Increasing the efficiency of articulatory force testing of adults with traumatic brain injury.” Motor Speech Disorders: Advances in Assessment and Treatment, eds. J.A. Till, K.M. Yorkston, D.R. Beukelman, Baltimore, MD: Paul H. Brookes Publishing, pp. 135-46, 1994.

Ogg, H. “Oral-pharyngeal development and evaluation.” Physical Therapy, Vol. 55, pp. 236-41, 1975.

Price, P.A.S. & B.W. Darvell. “Force and mobility in the aging human tongue.” Medical Journal, Vol. 1, pp. 75-78, 1981.

Rappaport, I., J. Shramek & S. Brummet. “Functional aspects of cancer of the base of the tongue.” American Journal of Surgery, Vol. 114, pp. 489-92, 1967.

Robbins, J. “Simultaneous data acquisition in multiple modalities: Videofluoroscopy, EMG and tongue pressure.” Kay Elemetrics Corp. Application Note, Lincoln Park, NJ, 1997.

Sessle, B. & A. Hannan, eds. Mastication and Swallowing, Toronto, ON: University of Toronto Press, 1976.

Sessle, B. & D. Kenny. “Control of tongue and facial motility: Neural mechanisms that may contribute to movements such as swallowing and sucking.” Symposium on Oral Sensation and Perception, Vol. 4, pp. 222-31, 1973.

Shaker, R., I.J.S. Cook, W.J. Dodds & W.J. Hogan. “Pressure-flow dynamics of the oral phase of swallowing.” Dysphagia, Vol. 3, pp. 79-84, 1988.

Shedd, D., J. Kirchner & J. Scatliff. “Oral and pharyngeal components of deglutition.” Archives of Surgery, Vol. 82, pp. 371-80, 1961.

Solomon, N.P., D.A. Robin, D.M. Lorell, R.L. Rodnitzky & E.S. Luschei. “Tongue function testing in Parkinson’s Disease: Indications of fatigue.” Motor Speech Disorders: Advances in Assessment and Treatment, eds. J.A. Till, K.M. Yorkston, D.R. Beukelman, Baltimore, MD: Paul H. Brookes Publishing, pp. 147-60, 1994.

Sonies, B.C. “Oral-motor problems.” Communication Disorders in Aging: Assessment and Management, eds. G. Mueller and V. Geoffrey, Washington, DC: Gallaudet Press, pp. 185-213, 1987.

Sonies, B.C., B.J. Baum & T.H. Shawker. “Tongue motion in elderly adults: Initial in situ observations.” Journal of Gerentology, Vol. 39 (3), pp. 279-83, 1984.

Acoustics and Swallowing

Boiron, M., P. Rouleau & E.H. Metman. “Exploration of pharyngeal swallowing by audiosignal recording.” Dysphagia, Vol. 12, pp. 86-92, 1997.

Cichero, Julie A.Y. & Bruce E. Murdoch. “Acoustic signature of the normal swallow: Characterization by age, gender, and bolus volume.” Annals of Otology, Rhinology, and Laryngology, Vol. 111 (7), pp. 623-32, July 2002.

Hamlet, S.L. & J. Miorano. “Research note: Synchronization of timed videofluoroscopic tapes of swallowing with other data channels.” Dysphagia, Vol. 2, pp. 149-50, 1988.

Hamlet, S.L., R. Nelson & R. Patterson. “Interpreting the sounds of swallowing: Fluid flow through the cricopharyngeus.” Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology.

Hamlet, S.L., R. Nelson & R. Patterson. “Sounds of swallowing.” Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, Vol. 83 (Supp. 23), 1988.

Hamlet, S.L., D.G. Penney & J. Formolo. “Stethoscope acoustics and cervical auscultation of swallowing.” Dysphagia, Vol. 9, pp. 63-68, 1994.

Logan, W., J. Kavanagh & A. Wornall. “Sonic correlates of human deglutition.” Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol. 23, pp. 279-84, 1967.

Mackowiak, R., H. Brenman & M. Friedman. “Acoustic profile of deglutition.” Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology, Vol. 125, pp. 1149-52, 1967.

Selley, W., R. Ellis & F. Flack. “The cardiac hupothesis explanation of swallow sounds: A revision and alternative interpretation of the data.” Dysphagia, Vol. 13, (4), pp. 39-52, 1998.

Smith, D., S.L. Hamlet & L. Jones. “Acoustic technique for determining timing of velopharyngeal closure in swallowing.” Dysphagia, Vol. 5, pp. 142-46, 1990.

Takahashi, K., M.E. Groher & K. Michi. “Methodology for detecting swallowing sounds.” Dysphagia, Vol. 9, pp. 54-62, 1994.

Takahashi, K., M.E. Groher & K. Michi. “Symmetry and reproducibility of swallowing sounds.” Dysphagia, Vol. 9, pp. 168-73, 1994.

Zenner, P.M., D.S. Losinski & R.H. Mills. “Using cervical auscultation in the clinical dysphagia examination in long-term care.” Dysphagia, Vol. 10, pp. 27-31, 1995.

General References on Swallowing Rehabilitation

Aguilar, N., M. Olson & D. Shedd. “Rehabilitation of deglutition problems in patients with head and neck cancer.” American Journal of Surgery, Vol. 138, pp. 501-7, 1979.

American Dietetic Association. Study guide: Dysphagia: The dietitian’s role in patient care. Audio cassette series, 1980.

Arvedson, J.C. & L. Brodsky, eds. Pediatric Swallowing and Feeding: Assessment and Management, San Diego, CA: Singular Publishing Group, 1993.

Avery-Smith, W. “Management of neurologic disorders: The first feeding session.” Dysphagia: Diagnosis and Management (Second Edition), ed. M.E. Groher, Stoneham, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann, pp. 219-36, 1992.

Buckley, J., C. Addicks & J. Maniglia. “Feeding patients with dysphagia.” Nursing Forum, Vol. 15, pp. 69-85, 1976.

Crary, M.A. “A direct intervention program for chronic neurogenic dysphagia secondary to brainstem stroke.” Dysphagia, Vol. 10, pp. 6-18, 1995.

Dikeman, K.J. & M.S. Kazandjian. Communication and Swallowing Management of Tracheostomized and Ventilator-Dependent Adults, San Diego, CA: Singular Publishing Group, Inc., 1995.

Dobie, R. “Rehabilitation of swallowing disorders.” American Family Physician, Vol. 17, pp. 84-95, 1978.

Fleming, S.M. “Treatment of mechanical swallowing disorders.” Dysphagia: Diagnosis and Management (Second Edition), ed. M.E. Groher, Stoneham, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann, pp. 237-53, 1992.

Gaffney, T. & R. Campbell. “Feeding techniques for dysphagic patients.” American Journal of Nursing, Vol. 74, pp. 2194-95, 1974.

Griffin, K. “Swallowing training for dysphagic patients.” Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Vol. 55, pp. 467-570, 1974.

Groher, M.E. Dysphagia: Diagnosis and Treatment (Second Edition). Stoneham, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann, 1992.

Heimlich, H. & T. O’Connor. “Patients relearn swallowing process.” Journal of the American Medical Association, Vol. 241, pp. 2355-60, 1979.

Heimlich, H. & T. O’Connor. “Relearning the swallowing process.” Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology, Vol. 88, pp. 794-97, 1979.

Huckabee, M.L. “Maximizing rehabilitation efforts for dysphagia recovery: SEMG biofeedback monitoring.” Kay Elemetrics Corp. Application Note, Lincoln Park, NJ, 1997.

Jordan, K. “Rehabilitation of the patients with dysphagia.” Ear, Nose and Throat Journal, Vol. 58, pp. 86-87, 1979.

Kahrilas, P.J., J.A. Logemann & P. Gibbons. “Food intake by maneuver: An extreme compensation for impaired swallowing.” Dysphagia, Vol. 7, pp. 155-59, 1992.

Langmore, S. “Efficacy of behavioral treatment for oropharyngeal dysphagia.” Dysphagia, Vol. 10, pp. 259-62, 1995.

Langmore, S. “Information about the FEES^® procedure.” Kay Elemetrics Corp. Application Note, Lincoln Park, NJ, 1997.

Larsen, G. “Conservative management for incomplete dysphagia paralytica.” Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Vol. 54, pp. 180-85, 1973.

Larsen, G. “Rehabilitation for dysphagia paralytica.” Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders, Vol. 37, pp. 187-93, 1972.

Leonard, R. & R. Gillis. “Effects of a prosthetic tongue on vowel intelligibility and food management in a patient with total glossectomy.” Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders, Vol. 47, pp. 25-30, 1982.

Linden, P. “Practical approaches in the rehabilitation of swallowing.” Proceedings of the Symposium on Dysphagia, 1986.

Logemann, J.A. Evaluation and Treatment of Swallowing Disorders, San Diego, CA: College-Hill Press, 1983.

Logemann, J.A. “Treatment of aspiration related to dysphagia: An overview.” Dysphagia, Vol. 1, pp. 34-38, 1986.

Logemann, J.A. & P.J. Kahrilas. “Relearning to swallow post stroke - application of maneuvers and indirect biofeedback: A case study.” Neurology, Vol. 40, pp. 1136-38, 1990.

Logemann, J.A., G. Sisson & R. Wheeler. “The team approach to rehabilitation of surgically treated oral cancer patients.” Proceedings of the National Forum on Cancer Rehabilitation, Williamsburg, VA, pp. 222-27, 1980.

Martin-Harris, B., “Swallowing evaluation treatment: Efficiency, accuracy and objectivity.” Kay Elemetrics Corp. Application Note, Lincoln Park, NJ, 1997.

McConchie, I. “Some difficulties in the treatment of dysphagia in adults.” Australia and New Zealand Journal of Surgery, Vol. 42, pp. 362-64, 1973.

Miller, R.M. & M.E. Groher. “General treatment of neurologic swallowing disorders.” Dysphagia: Diagnosis and Management (Second Edition), eds. M.E. Groher, Stoneham, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann, pp. 197-217, 1992.

Mitchell, P. “Buccinator apparatus to improve swallowing.” Physical Therapy, Vol. 47, p. 1135, 1967.

Neumann, S., G. Bartolome, D. Buchholz & M. Prosiegel. “Swallowing therapy of neurologic patients: Correlation of outcome with pretreatment variables and therapeutic methods.” Dysphagia, Vol. 10, pp. 1-5, 1995.

Newman, L., R. Dodaro & M. Welch. “A comprehensive program for dysphagia rehabilitation.” Workshop conducted at Mercy Hospital & Medical Center, Chicago, IL, May 29, 1980.

Siebens, A. “Rehabilitation of swallowing disability.” Krusen’s Handbook of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, eds. F. Kottke and J. Lehmann, January 1990.

Silverman, E. & I. Elfant. “Dysphagia: An evaluation and treatment program for the adult.” The American Journal of Occupational Therapy, Vol. 33, pp. 382-92, 1979.

Sonies, B. Dysphagia. Gaithersburg, MD: Aspen Publishers, Inc., 1997.

Strandberg, T. “Establishment of a swallowing rehabilitation program.” Lecture presented at workshop on swallowing rehabilitation. Sarah Bush Lincoln Health Center, Mattoon, IL, January 8, 1982.

Trible, W. “The rehabilitation of deglutition following head and neck surgery.” Laryngoscope, Vol. 77, pp. 518-23, 1967.

Tuchman, D.N. & R.S. Walter, eds. Disorders of Feeding and Swallowing in Infants and Children: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment, Singular Publishing Group, Inc., 1994.

Wheeler, R., J.A. Logemann & M. Rosen. “Maxillary reshaping prostheses: Effectiveness in improving speech and swallowing of post-surgical oral cancer patients.” Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry, Vol. 43, pp. 313-19, 1980.